Property law and leasing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3079 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? 191893 Delivery Time :Standard 5 Days per 5000 words Title: QUESTION: PART A (i) Leslie plc, by deed, granted a ten-year lease of certain premises to Target Ltd from 1st November 2000. The lease included covenants by Target Ltd. not to assign or sub-let the whole or any part of the premises without the landlords consent, to keep the premises in repair and to pay the quarterly rent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Property law and leasing" essay for you Create order There was a proviso for re-entry in the event of breach of any covenant. In 2002, Target, with Leslies consent, assigned the lease to Ace Co. Ltd. In 2004, Leslie sold and conveyed the freehold reversion of the premises to Rake plc. Rake has discovered that Ace has, without seeking consent, given a monthly sub-tenancy of part of the premises to Simon and that the premises are out of repair. Rake informed Ace of its concern over these matters in a letter accompanying the demand for the quarters rent due on 1st November 2006 and stated that it, Rake, was considering its position. Ace sent a cheque in response to the demand, which Rake has not yet cashed. You are a trainee in the firm of solicitors consulted by Rake. Your principal has asked you to Produce a report of 1,200 words outlining the legal principles and identifying the relevant statutory provisions and cases as to whether: (a)Rake has the benefit and Ace has the burden of the covenants in the lease; (b)either breach of covenant has been waived so as to prevent Rake being able to take forfeiture action in respect of that breach; (c)whether the breaches are irremediable for the purposes of s.146 (1) of the Law of Property Act 1925 Your report should identify whether there are any particularly relevant or recent cases on these issues. Advice will be given to Rake plc on the basis of this report. QUESTION: PART B Explain precisely (in 300 350 words) what was your research strategy and how you carried out the research under Question: Part A, giving details of the electronic searches that you made. Outside the word limit, give a bibliography of all books and databases used to carry out the research, and give a list of all cases that you consulted (whether or not actually used), with their references. To decide on who has the burden and the benefit of the covenant it is necessary to analyze the type of covenant that was originally made between Leslie Plc and Target. Covenants against assignment can either be absolute[1] or qualified[2]. An absolute covenant would prevent any assignment or subletting. A qualified covenant entitles the tenant to sublet or assign with the landlords consent[3]. Under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927 s19 (1) the landlord cannot withhold consent unreasonably[4]. Should he decide to withhold consent he would have to show that consent is being withheld reasonably[5]. Reasonableness is not defined in the legislation but has been defined by case law[6]. In the above it is stated that Leslie had agreed to allow Target to assign the lease. When issuing a lease the landlord can impose obligations on the tenant for repairs[7]. Where the lease is for less than 7 years there is an implied covenant[8] that the landlord will repair the structure[9]. Enforcement of the obligation of the landlord to repair the property is usually only in respect of residential leases[10]. Commercial leases are free to make their own agreement[11] and the obligation of the landlord is only implied where the parties have not made express provision for repairs[12]. Express covenants for repair by the tenants usually contain an exception for fair wear and tear. It is usual for this exception to only cover things that wear out in the course of normal and reasonable use[13]. Where the wear and tear result in further damage to the property the tenant may become responsible for repairing the original wear and tear[14]. If the lease between Leslie Plc and Target had occurred prior to 1995 then the assignment of the tenancy from Target to Ace would not absolve Target from the liability in accordance with the contract[15]. This effectively would have meant that Target would still be bound by the covenants made with Leslie throughout the duration of the lease even though his interest has been assigned[16]. Covenants in leases are deemed to be made on behalf of the covenantor and his successors in title unless a contrary intention is expressed[17]. Leases iss ued prior to the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 allowed liability of the original tenant to continue even though the original tenant has no control over the assignee[18]. If the lease had been issued prior to 1995 although the landlord would normally seek redress against the assignee[19] in the first instance there is no requirement that the landlord should proceed in this manner. Effectively the landlord could opt to seek redress from the original lessee instead of the assignee[20]. This was particularly useful where the assignee had become insolvent[21]. As the lease began after 1995 the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 s5 releases Target from the burden of the covenant and passes the burden to Ace[22]. Under s3 of the LT(C) A 1995 the benefit and burden of all covenants[23] shall be annexed to each and every part of the demised premises and shall pass on assignment and the test of touching and concerning does not apply[24]. Covenants expressed in a personal w ay are not transferred to the assignee[25]. It is important to look at the privity of the contract and the privity of estate[26] as the differences that apply under each will affect the ability of Rake to enforce the covenant. The difference between having both the privity of contract and the privity of estate is that under a privity of contract all covenants bind[27] whereas under privity of estate[28] then only the covenants which are regarded as typically part of the landlord and tenant relationship will be bound[29], such as covenants to repair. Privity of estate only affects the benefit and burden on the assignee and the landlord in respect of covenants that touch and concern the land[30]. In Spencerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Case[31] it was stated the covenant must either affect the land as regards the mode of occupation, or it must be such as per se, and not merely from collateral circumstances, affects the value of the land[32]. There would be both privity of contract[33] and privity of estate between Leslie Plc and Target as they were the original lessor and lessee. The assignment of the lease to Ace would only create a privity of estate between Leslie and Ace as there would be no direct contractual relationship between them. Similarly by selling the property to Rake there would be no privity of contract between Rake and Target or Rake and Ace[34], only a privity of estate. If the assignment of the sub tenancy Simon had been agreed by Rake then there would have been privity of estate between Rake and Simon. As the assignment of the lease to Simon was not consented to by Rake there would be no privity of estate and Rake would not be able to enforce the repair covenant against Simon[35]. It could be argued that the assignment of the sub-tenancy to Simon has waived the right of Rake to claim forfeiture for the breach of the covenant to repair the property, as only restrictive covenants can be enforced against a sub tenant[36]. As Rake has control over the property it could be argued that he should still have the burden of the covenants. This would mean that Rake could enforce the repair covenant[37]. If Ace carried out the repairs as requested there would be no breach of the repair covenant and Rake could not take forfeiture action for this breach[38]. Unfortunately the action by Ace of subletting without the consent of Rake could be seen as a breach of the covenant if the business run by Simon is separate from Aceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business[39]. This would allow Rake to take forfeiture action for the breach of the subletting covenant and to force Simon to surrender his share of the property as it had been sublet in breach of the covenant[40]. The effect of this would be to bring the term of the lease to a premature end. It has already been stated in the scenario above that a condition was inserted into the leasing agreement that any breach of the covenant would entitle the covenantor to take forfeiture action[41]. Under s 146 of the Law of Property Act 1925 it is possible in some circumstances for the breach to be remedied. If the breach was due to the repair work only and Ace had not sublet to Simon then the breach could be rectified by Ace carrying out the necessary repairs. As the breach was due to the subletting as well the only way in which this could be rectified would be for Ace to terminate the agreement with Simon and resume possession of the property. The subletting of part of the property to Simon could be viewed as a licence as opposed to a lease as Simon does not have full rights of ownership as he would have if a lease had been created[42]. The distinction between a lease and a licence is easier to determine in a residential setting. In a commercial agreement the distinction is made by examining where the control of the premises lies[43]. The effect of this being viewed as a licence would mean that Simon would be able to claim proprietary estoppel if Ace attempted to revoke the licen ce[44]. Part B My research strategy involved looking at the types of covenants that can be made then analysing from the problem above whether the burden and the benefit of the covenants was able to transfer between the various parties. I looked at the situation from the perspective of if the contract had been created before the 1995 Act and compared it with the changes that have been introduced by the 1995 Act. This was done to show that when advising a client as to whether a covenant is binding on an original covenantor and covenantee it is essential to know when the lease was created. I then looked at privity of contract and estate as the rights over the enforcement of the covenant can be directly affected if there is privity only privity of estate. I considered this both from a pre 1995 standpoint and a post 1995 standpoint. I then addressed the issue of licence or lease as the difference between the 2 affects the position as to the binding nature of covenants. To bac k up my argument I supported as many points possible by case law and legislation. My main source of electronic research was Westlaw for cases to support my argument and www.opsi.gov.uk for relevant legislation. I also used electronic search engines to get up to date information on any recent changes surrounding the law on covenants. A useful site that looked at a situation very similar to the one outlined above was https://www.propertylawuk.net/ltssublettingandsharingoccupation. html. This particular site highlighted several similar cases some of which have been cited in the report above. Bibliography Bryn Perrins, Understanding Land Law, 3rd Ed, 200, Cavendish Publishing Ltd Garvells, N P, Land Law Text and Materials, 2nd Ed, 1999, Sweet and Maxwell Thomas, M, Statutes on Property Law, 8th Ed. 2001, Blackstoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Transfer of land: The Law of Positive and Restrictive Covenants (1984) Law Commission No 127 Law Commission Report No 238, Landlord and T enant: Responsibility for State and Condition of Property (1996) https://www.landregistry.gov.uk https://www.propertylawuk.net www.opsi.gov.uk Table of Cases Addiscombe Garden Estates Ltd. v Crabbe [1958] 1 Q.B. 513 Allied London Investments Ltd v Hambro Life Assurance Ltd (1985) 50 P CR 207 Amsprop Trading Ltd v Harris Distribution Ltd [1997] 1 W.L.R. 1025 [1997] 2 All E.R. 990 [1997] 2 E.G.L.R. 78 [1997] 47 E.G. 127 [1996] N.P.C. 154 Times, November 13, 1996 Avonridge Property Co Ltd v Mashru [2005] UKHL 70 [2005] 1 W.L.R. 3956 [2006] 1 All E.R. 127 [2006] 1 P. C.R. 25 [2006] L. T.R. 4 [2006] 1 E.G.L.R. 15 [2006] 01 E.G. 100 [2005] 49 E.G.C.S. 88 (2006) 103(1) L.S.G. 16 (2006) 150 S.J.L.B. 28 [2005] N.P.C. 138 Times, December 5, 2005 Baker v Merckel [1960] 1 QB 657 Beegas Nominees Ltd v BHP Petroleum Ltd [1997] C.L.Y. 3093 1997 Clinton Cards (Essex) Ltd v Sun Alliance London Assurance Co Ltd [2002] EWHC 1576 [2003] L. T.R. 2 [2002] 3 E.G.L.R. 19 [2002] 29 E.G.C.S. 150 Congleton Corporation v Pattison (1808) 10 East 130 Crestfort Limited v Tesco Stores Limited [2005] EWHC 805 (Ch); [2005] 37 EG 148. Dellneed Ltd v Chin [1987] 1 E.G.L.R. 75 Edlington Properties Ltd v JH Fenner Co Ltd [2005] EWHC 2158 [2006] 1 All E.R. 98 Hall v Ewin (1888) 37 Ch.D. 74; Tulk v Moxhay (1848) 2 Ph 774 Harris v Williams-Wynne [2005] EWHC 151 Haskell v Marlow [1928] 2 KB 45 Homebase Ltd v Allied Dunbar Assurance plc [2002] EWCA Civ 666; [2002] LTR 27; [2002] 27 EG 144; [2003] 1 PCR 6 International Drilling Fluids Ltd v Louisville Investments (Uxbridge) Ltd [1986] Ch 513 Janet Reger International Ltd v Tiree Ltd [2006] EWHC 1743 [2006] 30 E.G.C.S. 102 Latimer v Carney [2006] EWCA Civ 1417 [2006] 45 E.G.C.S. 191 (2006) 103(44) L.S.G. 31 [2006] N.P.C. 117 Legal General Assurance Society Ltd v Expeditors International (UK) Ltd [2006] EWHC 1008 Lynnthorpe Enterprises Ltd v Sidney Smith (Chelsea) Ltd [1990] 08 E.G. 93 [1989] E.G.C.S. 63 Mahon v Sims [2005] 3 E.G.L.R. 67 [2005] 39 E.G. 138 Times, June 16, 2005 MEPC Plc v Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society [1996] B.P.I.R. 447 Oceanic Village Ltd v United Attractions Ltd [2000] Ch 234 Pacific Wash-a-Matic v RO Booth Holdings [1978] 5 W.W.R. 525 Plimmer v Wellington Corporation (1884) 9 App. Cas. 699 (MB(L) 589; G 641) PW Co v Milton Gate Investments Ltd [2003] EWHC 1994 R v Tottenham and District Rent Tribunal Ex p. Northfield (Highgate) [1957] 1 Q.B. 103 [1956] 3 W.L.R. 462 [1956] 2 All E.R. 863 (1956) 120 J.P. 472 54 L.G.R. 421 (1956) 100 S.J. 552 R A Securities Ltd v Mercantile Credit Co Ltd [1995] 3 All ER 581 Regis Property Co Ltd v Dudley [1959] AC 370 Scottish Newcastle Plc v Raguz (No.2) [2004] EWHC 1835 Shell-Mex B.P. Ltd. v Manchester Garages Ltd. [1971] 1 W.L.R. 612 Smith v Spaul [2002] EWCA Civ 1830 [2003] Q.B. 983 [2003] 2 W.L.R. 495 [2003] 1 All E.R. 509 [2003] H.L.R. 38 [2003] 2 P. C.R. 21 [2003] L. T.R. 17 [2003] 1 E.G.L.R. 70 [2003] 17 E.G. 148 [2003] 3 E.G.C.S. 125 (2003) 100(9) L.S.G. 28 (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 27 [2002] N.P.C. 164 [2003] 1 P. C.R. DG19 Times, December 28, 2002 Spencers Case (1585) 5 Co.Rep. 16a; 77 E.R. 72 (MB(L) 503) Street v Mountford [1985] A.C. 809 (MB(L) 417; G 386) Thames Manufacturing Co Ltd v Perrots (Nichol Peyton) Ltd (1984) 50 P CR 1 Unity Joint Stock Banking Association v King (1858) 25 Beav. 72; 53 E.R..563 Vision Golf Ltd v Weightmans [2006] EWHC 1766 Wadsworth v Nagle [2005] EWHC 26 Walkers Case (1587) 3 Co.Rep. 22a; 67 E.R. 676 Warnford Investments Ltd v Duckworth [1979] Ch 127 Waycourt Ltd v Viscount Chelsea [2006] EWCA Civ 511 Westbury Estates Ltd v Royal Bank of Scotland Plc 2006 S.L.T. 1143 2006 G.W.D. 38-757 Table of Statutes Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 Landlord and Tenant Act 1927 Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 Landlord and Tenant Act 1988 Law of Prop erty Act 1925 Law of Property Act 1926 1 Footnotes [1] Harris v Williams-Wynne [2005] EWHC 151 [2] Mahon v Sims [2005] 3 E.G.L.R. 67 [2005] 39 E.G. 138 Times, June 16, 2005 [3] Clinton Cards (Essex) Ltd v Sun Alliance London Assurance Co Ltd [2002] EWHC 1576 [2003] L. T.R. 2 [2002] 3 E.G.L.R. 19 [2002] 29 E.G.C.S. 150 [4] Mahon v Sims [2005] 3 E.G.L.R. 67 [2005] 39 E.G. 138 Times, June 16, 2005 [5] Landlord and Tenant Act 1988 s1 [6] International Drilling Fluids Ltd v Louisville Investments (Uxbridge) Ltd [1986] Ch 513 [7] Westbury Estates Ltd v Royal Bank of Scotland Plc 2006 S.L.T. 1143 2006 G.W.D. 38-757; Latimer v Carney [2006] EWCA Civ 1417 [2006] 45 E.G.C.S. 191 (2006) 103(44) L.S.G. 31 [2006] N.P.C. 117 [8] Janet Reger International Ltd v Tiree Ltd [2006] EWHC 1743 [2006] 30 E.G.C.S. 102 [9] Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 s11 [10] Wadsworth v Nagle [2005] EWHC 26 [11] Legal General Assurance Society Ltd v Expeditors International (UK) Ltd [2006] EWHC 1008 [12] Law Commission Report No238, L andlord and Tenant: Responsibility for State and Condition of Property (1996) [13] Haskell v Marlow [1928] 2 KB 45 [14] Regis Property Co Ltd v Dudley [1959] AC 370 [15] Baker v Merckel [1960] 1 QB 657 [16] Warnford Investments Ltd v Duckworth [1979] Ch 127; Walkers Case (1587) 3 Co.Rep. 22a; 67 E.R. 676 [17] Law of Property Act 1926 s79. [18] Thames Manufacturing Co Ltd v Perrots (Nichol Peyton) Ltd (1984) 50 P CR 1; Allied London Investments Ltd v Hambro Life Assurance Ltd (1985) 50 P CR 207 [19] Scottish Newcastle Plc v Raguz (No.2) [2004] EWHC 1835 [20] Scottish Newcastle Plc v Raguz (No.3) [2006] EWHC 821 [2006] 4 All E.R. 524 [21] R A Securities Ltd v Mercantile Credit Co Ltd [1995] 3 All ER 581 [22] Avonridge Property Co Ltd v Mashru [2005] UKHL 70 [2005] 1 W.L.R. 3956 [2006] 1 All E.R. 127 [2006] 1 P. C.R. 25 [2006] L. T.R. 4 [2006] 1 E.G.L.R. 15 [2006] 01 E.G. 100 [2005] 49 E.G.C.S. 88 (2006) 103(1) L.S.G. 16 (2006) 150 S.J.L.B. 28 [2005 ] N.P.C. 138 Times, December 5, 2005 [23] Edlington Properties Ltd v JH Fenner Co Ltd [2005] EWHC 2158 [2006] 1 All E.R. 98 [24] Oceanic Village Ltd v United Attractions Ltd [2000] Ch 234 [25] Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 s3 (6) (a) [26] MEPC Plc v Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society [1996] B.P.I.R. 447 [27] R v Tottenham and District Rent Tribunal Ex p. Northfield (Highgate) [1957] 1 Q.B. 103 [1956] 3 W.L.R. 462 [1956] 2 All E.R. 863 (1956) 120 J.P. 472 54 L.G.R. 421 (1956) 100 S.J. 552 [28] Pacific Wash-a-Matic v RO Booth Holdings [1978] 5 W.W.R. 525 [29] Lynnthorpe Enterprises Ltd v Sidney Smith (Chelsea) Ltd [1990] 08 E.G. 93 [1989] E.G.C.S. 63 [30] Spencers Case (1585) 5 Co.Rep. 16a; 77 E.R. 72 (MB(L) 503) [31] (1585) 5 Co.Rep. 16a; 77 E.R. 72 (MB(L) 503) [32] Congleton Corporation v Pattison (1808) 10 East 130 [33] Beegas Nominees Ltd v BHP Petroleum Ltd [1997] C.L.Y. 3093 1997 [34] Smith v Spaul [2002] EWCA Civ 1830 [2003] Q.B. 983 [2003] 2 W.L.R. 495 [2003] 1 All E.R. 509 [2003] H.L.R. 38 [2003] 2 P. C.R. 21 [2003] L. T.R. 17 [2003] 1 E.G.L.R. 70 [2003] 17 E.G. 148 [2003] 3 E.G.C.S. 125 (2003) 100(9) L.S.G. 28 (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 27 [2002] N.P.C. 164 [2003] 1 P. C.R. DG19 Times, December 28, 2002 [35] PW Co v Milton Gate Investments Ltd [2003] EWHC 1994; Amsprop Trading Ltd v Harris Distribution Ltd [1997] 1 W.L.R. 1025 [1997] 2 All E.R. 990 [1997] 2 E.G.L.R. 78 [1997] 47 E.G. 127 [1996] N.P.C. 154 Times, November 13, 1996 [36] Hall v Ewin (1888) 37 Ch.D. 74; Tulk v Moxhay (1848) 2 Ph 774 [37] Crestfort Limited v Tesco Stores Limited [2005] EWHC 805 (Ch); [2005] 37 EG 148. [38] Waycourt Ltd v Viscount Chelsea [2006] EWCA Civ 511 [39] Crestfort Limited v Tesco Stores Limited [2005] EWHC 805 (Ch); [2005] 37 EG 148. [40] Homebase Ltd v Allied Dunbar Assurance plc [2002] EWCA Civ 666; [2002] LTR 27; [2002] 27 EG 144; [2003] 1 PCR 6 [41] Vision Golf Ltd v Weightmans [2006] EWHC 1 766 [42] Street v Mountford [1985] A.C. 809 (MB(L) 417; G 386) [43] Shell-Mex B.P. Ltd. v Manchester Garages Ltd. [1971] 1 W.L.R. 612; Addiscombe Garden Estates Ltd. v Crabbe [1958] 1 Q.B. 513; Dellneed Ltd v Chin [1987] 1 E.G.L.R. 75 [44] Unity Joint Stock Banking Association v King (1858) 25 Beav. 72; 53 E.R..563; Plimmer v Wellington Corporation (1884) 9 App. Cas. 699 (MB(L) 589; G 641)

Definition And Meaning Of The Term Indigenous - 2137 Words

Defining the term Indigenous is a process that while well-received and widely produced, is somewhat problematic as there are many variations, and even some suggestion that a relatively static definition does nothing to honor neither the meaning of the term nor the communities of peoples it represents. Understanding the variations in form and meaning are important to recognizing how the term is used in relationship to the user and the context in which it is produced. Indeed, misunderstanding and misuse are part of the de-conflating process of decolonizing language, and sometimes discernment before definition is required. Because of the objectification of Indigenous peoples, and the displacement of their relationship with their lands,†¦show more content†¦Hence, to have a concept of indigenous as being defined by its localness (Tsui, 2004) is too simplistic, as indigenous knowledge and indigenous people are always such within a power relationship in a globalized world, and one defined by its colonial history. Hence those who wish to steer clear of such a global relationship may be better to use the term ‘endogenous’.† (Jackson, 2012) This problematizing that is required to unpack the layers of history and mystery that have been a consequence of the confounding nature of colonialism is a process that is productive and needs to continue; the same scholar concludes, â€Å"Anything regarded as ‘indigenous’ cannot be considered frozen in time, although often it is. ‘Indigenous’ knowledge is not an artefact to be preserved (Briggs and Sharp, 2004), nor one that can easily be packaged for Western consumption (Briggs, 2005). Rather it is part of a dynamic within a cultural interface that constantly produces new knowledge and social forms albeit through geopolitical power dynamics that have a profound effect on this production.† (Jackson, 2012) What Jackson does not concede however, is that in the same way t hat he describes ‘Indigenous† as a â€Å"dynamic within a cultural interface†, endogenousness is also part of that dynamic - it is part of Indigenous interconnectedness as internalized colonialism is one of the most pervasive and deepest

Global Issues in Strategic Management Free Essays

What is strategic management? Global Strategy is just one part of the larger subject of Strategic Management. Typically in many strategic management textbooks, International and Global Strategy appears as one of the chapter alongside many others – for example, it’s chapter 19 in my book. Take the Blackberry RIM range of mobile phones. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Issues in Strategic Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now This Canadian company has been very successful, so far, in terms of its international and global strategy. But it began by using the basic principles of strategic management – customer focus on the business customer, competitive advantage through its focus on the easy email access, resource-based analysis based on its patented technology – rather than anything specific to global strategy. But then Blackberry RIM added a global strategy – for example, its co-operation with the Reliance mobile network in India shown right – to add to the basic strategy. What this means is that many of the basic principles of Strategic Management – customer focus, competitive advantage, resource-based analysis, etc. are also fundamental to the development of International and Global Strategy. The purpose of this section of the website is therefore to offer a brief summary of some of the main elements. Clearly, it is not possible to cover all the material set out in an 800-page text. Here, we highlight some key areas and principles. First, we summarise the two main strategic processes – prescriptive and emergent – and mention some of the background theories that underpin them. Second, we present video summaries of some selected chapters from my book StrategicManagement 5th Edition which explore the main areas in more depth. You may like to know that the four previous editions of the book were called Corporate Strategy: we changed the title for the fifth edition to reflect changes in strategy thinking since the publication of the first edition in 1997. Background to strategic management development In reality, strategic management is a relatively young subject. It has its roots in the economic and social theories of the 1930s and 1940s – perhaps even earlier. But it only really began to emerge as a separate topic in the 1960s and 1970s. Even today, there is only partial agreeement on the fundamental principles of strategic management with many views, ideas and concepts. This makes the topic interesting and challenging. But it also means that there is no fully accepted body of knowledge unlike, for example, mechanical engineering or organic chemistry. According to one recent authoritive survey amongst academic strategists (Nag et al,Strategic Management Journal, 2007, Vol 28, pages 935-955), there are two main streams of thought related to strategic process: prescriptive (or intended) strategic processes and emergent strategic processes. The authors produced the following definition from their survey over the period 1983-2004: ‘The field of strategic management deals with the major intended and emergent initiatives taken by general managers on behalf of owners, involving utilization of resources, to enhance the performance of firms in their external environments. ‘ How to cite Global Issues in Strategic Management, Essay examples

Change Management for Concepts - Norms and Practices- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theChange Management for Concepts, Norms and Practices. Answer: Change management is the process of transitioning of staff in an organization to move from one state to another state. The next state is usually the desired state of the team. For an organization to meet its set goals and achieve its objectives it has to go through the process of change management. Organization change can be within a department, companywide or the people who are involved. Change management tool used by Apache include project plan and culture mapping. Every organization has its way of operation. It implies that every team has its unique way of establishing concepts, norms, and practices. Most of the paradigms, that majority of the organization have adopted. Comprises an employee to be rewarded it should be based on the good performance of the employee or decision made by senior management should never be questioned.one should be fully aware of the organizational culture they are managing to ensure their practice are always appropriate. Apache was mindful of the Transfer to undertaking (Protection of Employment) legislation provides a legally binding guarantee that employee' contractual terms and conditions remain intact when they move to a new employer during a change in ownership(Czerniawska May 2004).It was a requirement by the new employers to uphold employment terms comprising of remuneration strenuously allowance, leave entitlements, merger recognition, and epochs. Apache used project plan as another tool for change management. Devising a vibrant project plan is essential to allow any business keep track. This acts as a guide for business to know its flexibility and boundaries that it should not cross. Times change management will entail specific workforce working in numerous department to adopt new changes immediately. It is the role of the Human Resource to device a strategy on how the changes proposed will be implemented with minimum resistance. Apache while it was trying to locate a complicated industrial process in the North Sea, it faced a lot of challenges such as technical problems. Upon assessing its challenges and project plan, it had to absorb Forties oilfield. Merits for the change management tool. Project plan tool of management presented an opportunity alongside additional responsibility. The acquisition of the forties offered a lot of opportunities to Apache such as cost reduction. There could be exploitation of company expertise to squeeze long-term value from Forties devoid of compromisation of peoples compensation and safety of people involved .culture mapping management tool presents an opportunity of less resistance within the workforce in the organization. When the workforce is willing to accept change in the management, this helps the organization in reduction of recruiting and training cost. Upon understanding the culture of the team and do change implementation, the group will stay ahead in the competition hence product will in return yield higher profits. Culture will enable the management know which method to adapt to implement change that will make employees embrace change gladly and move forward. The change manager should ensure that the employees stay motivated and product during the new change period. The organization should assess the productivity before and after implementation of new change to a certain if the change management process has been successful or not. References Czerniawska, F., May, P. (2004). Management Consulting in Practice. London: Kogan Page. Employee Roles In Initiating Successful Change Management | Prosci. (2017). Prosci.com. Retrieved 19 October 2017, from https://www.prosci.com/change-management/thought-leadership-library/roles-in-change-management (2017).Mindtools.com.Retrieved19October2017,fromhttps://www.mindtools.com/pages/club/BookInsights.htm Todnem, R. (2005). Organisational change management. A Critical Review. Journal Of Change Management, 5(4), 369-380.

Concepts of eBay case study

History of eBay and strategic partners eBay is an online auction company that does the business of listing products on its site to connect both sellers and buyers. The case study majorly enumerates on the history of eBay and clearly explains all the steps that the company has taken in its bid to increase its market growth and internationalize its operation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of eBay case study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also contained in the essay are the strategic partners and alliances that eBay formed in order to grow. Clarifications are given on some of the factors that might have caused the company’s slow growth in Japan and the quality of management of the company among many more (Hsiao, 2011). eBay strategic decisions The main management issue here is the strategic decisions the company needs to make for it to widen its market share and customer base. In the case study, we get to know the strategic alliances that the company has entered into. The poor marketing strategy and promotional means that eBay has pursued could be responsible for the failure to penetrate the Japan market. The robust competition in Japan from already established competitors especially yahoo auction dominance requires brilliant and stronger strategies if the company is to survive. eBay should increase its marketing cost and reduce its listing charges to break through the high switch cost from yahoo auction (Brooke, 1996). Important data of case study In the case study, the most important data is the information explaining the reasons for the company’s failure to penetrate the japans market. This is because such data can assist the managers to get information necessary in formulation of strategies and course of action the company can exploit. The information will also assist in analysis of trends and support the management assertion and decision. From the analysis of th e case study, the theories that need to be considered are the internationalization theories and the international business location theories. This theories will improve the quality of decisions of internationalizing operations and determination of the locations which the company should establish its operation (Ahlstrom Bruton, 2009). Pricing and promotional theories are also essential for the price setting and the advertisement decision to be undertaken by the company (Ahlstrom Bruton, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The information pertinent to the management of eBay can be obtained from various reading materials. Text books on strategic management, international marketing and books on management of online services are useful. Other materials that can be used to gather data will be the journal of the company’s competitors like yahoo and the periodicals on on line business linkages. Information omitted in the data Other information that should be included in the case study above is the financial statements of eBay and its strategic partners. Such information will be useful in the determination of the type of relationship that can be developed. Information on the company’s mission and vision will also be needed clearly incorporating the core values and other intermediate plans (Deresky, 2008). Recommendation and conclusion For the company to strategically establish itself, it needs to embark on heavy marketing strategies that can enable it penetrate the new desired market. Stronger strategic alliances and high quality services should be developed by the company (Elsevier, 2010). The site that is used for marketing must be made user friendly to be accessed by those without much computer knowledge. eBay can also strategies by increasing their customer loyalty by initiating rewards and incentives for those who list and acquire product s on their site. These decisions can only be made feasible by employing management with high qualification. Reference List Ahlstrom, D., Bruton, H. D. (2009). International Management:Strategy and Culture in Emerging World. London: Cengage Learning. Brooke, M. Z. (1996). International management: a review of strategies and operations. London: Nelson Thornes. Deresky, H. (2008). International management:Managing across Boarders and Cultures. London: Pearson Prentice Hall.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of eBay case study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Elsevier, T. (2010). How Emerging Economies are RESHAPING OUR Undestanding of Global Entrepreneurship. (M. Kotabe, Ed.) Journal of International Management , 16 (4), 321-434. Cahil. Hsiao, A. (2011, 4 13). Understanding eBay Bidding. Retrieved from About.com: https://www.thebalancesmb.com/understanding-the-ebay-auction-automatic-bidding-system-1140186 This essay on Concepts of eBay case study was written and submitted by user Kody D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Example of Personal Essay †English

Example of Personal Essay – English Free Online Research Papers Example of Personal Essay English I am going to help you to make a draft picture of my personality according to the way my most close friends or my family would describe me. I’ll focus on three traits which make who I am. First of all, it is necessary to know that when I was a child, I was treated as a king-child because I lived alone with my mother almost all my young life and because she was weak with me. I thus have to admit shamefully that I took most advantages possible and that I made a lot of whims. I obtained almost everything that I wished. I was really requiring and tyrannical with my mother but, believe me, I am not proud of it. Another facet of my personality consists in the fact that I am strongly determined. I have set the most ambitious goals and I am convinced that I’ll succeed. I’ll make all which will be in my power to reach my purposes. In order to give you an idea of my objectives I would say: â€Å"I want to become very rich, famous, well-known in the media and reach the highest spheres of the society.† It can seem paradoxical, nevertheless I am shy and I have a lack of self-confidence. I think that it began when I was between 10 and 14 years and as I was obese. For this reason, most of the guys laughed at me and annoyed me. I was the big little boy that nobody liked. But now that I grew and that I changed a lot, as you can see it, I try to cure my shyness and to open out myself. This period was the worst of my life, that’s why I think school didn’t prepare me well for adult’s life. In conclusion, I would say that they are not the only aspects of my personality. So now, I have said enough, it is your turn to discover who I am, if you want to. Research Papers on Example of Personal Essay - EnglishEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraStandardized TestingLifes What IfsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Bringing Democracy to AfricaHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and Canada

Art and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art and Technology - Essay Example This section of the Tapestries provides information dated back to a time when the battle had not taken place. The choice to explore the Battle of Hastings is critical to gaining knowledge that relates to the fact that the battle marked the very last time that the Island was conquered by a foreign power. This section therefore provides a one-time conflict that any scholar throughout the world ought to know about. Ubiquitous is defines as act of being everywhere, all at the same time (Smith 53). Ubiquitous computing is a form of computing paradigm that is considered to be the next big thing in the computer industry. Every day is characterized by a number of ubiquitous computing elements and activities. One of these is mobile devices in the context of Ubiquitous computing. Mobile development has developed mobile capacities and capabilities to a more complex aspect, allowing mobile devices to handle user environments; like setting up reminders based on the location of the phone. Biometrics is another ubiquitous computing observed. It is a privacy control mode of computing characteristic to many firms and organizations. Biometrics employs physical characteristics, and a user can be identified by simply touching the ubiquitous device. Ubiquitous networking is another example. Computing activities and performance heavily dwells on networking. Transmitted computing networks are not visible yet they are actually put into use. Ubiquitous networks range from low power, short range, ad hoc to wireless networks and systems (Smith

Common Assessment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Common Assessment - Term Paper Example The Financial crisis has severely affected the personnel of the organizations. There have been several instances of employees’ retrenchment, downsizing as well as cutting the workforce to reduce the fixed overheads. This has resulted in the organizations left with only a fewer employees to meet the obligations and this causes the organizations to suffer not only in producing more products but also in producing quality products. (Skipper, 2009, pp.3-5; Basu, n.d, pp.205-207; Shah, 2010) The paper will assess the situation where the executives have been trying to redesign the jobs for employees and thereby facing a loss of employees every time they attempt to change the structure. Boosting Employee moral: An organization should look at effectively protecting the morale of the employee and constantly monitor the employee morale because the organizations have to realize at first the growth, the productivity of the organization rest mainly on the employees’ expertise. So the organization must be clear and lucid to the point of the scope of each and every employee. Giving a clear and transparent job specification to each and every employee is highly essential. Proper and effective communication is also highly important as clear communication addresses many complex issues. The employee should be given enough space for expressing ideas in a particular matter the employee is expert. The employee should be given in hand training for the particular job and should be given adequate feedback for their improvement such that the employee can get accustomed to the job requirement as needed by the employer. (Bruce, 2002, pp.69-74; Martocchio, 2004, pp.163-164) Designing crisis management: During the times of recession, the executives have been involved in restructuring the jobs, the situation during the crisis have gone to such extent that the employees working in a particular domain had to work on other domains simultaneously. There have been several instances wh en an employee working in a higher designation has to work for much lower designation profiles which have acted to a huge impediment to the morale up gradation of the employee. During the crisis period the situation has gone to such a level that in an IT organizations employees working as software developers for the organization even had to do marketing jobs which is a completely different profile for those employees. Moreover, employees working in higher designations to the level of floor managers or middle level managers in an organizational structure had to do works like depositing funds or withdrawal of funds from banks which are simply clerical jobs. So in different high esteemed organizations employees of higher repute and working in much senior positions had to do simple clerical jobs mainly to make up for the jobs of the employees who have been retrenched during the crisis. This has caused a huge moral degradation of the employees. On the other hand this has severely increas ed the work load on the employees as they had to take multidimensional roles in their work. This has caused a major setback in the employees’ moral. This has again resulted in employees resigning their positions as not

Principles of Ecotourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Principles of Ecotourism - Essay Example However the influx of such tourists in large numbers itself presents a threat to the ecological balance preserved in such locations. Instances of these locations include national parks, sanctuaries, forest preserves, coastal areas, mountains etc. This paper chooses a particular eco-tourism spot and examines its ecological appeal, efforts made by interested groups -both private and governmental-in preserving such ecological appeal and problems and corrective policies followed to tackle threats to such appeal. Noel Kempff Mercado National Park is spread over an impressive some 1.5 million hectares in northeastern Bolivia. This park is one of the most remote and biologically diverse areas on earth. The park is located so strategically and fortuitously that it harbors multiple eco-systems-a variety of eco-systems which is almost not available anywhere else on the earth. This park has following eco-systems: Amazonian rainforest, gallery forest, semi-deciduous tropical forest, flooded savannah, thorn scrub, cerrado and wetlands. In addition to such a wide variety of eco-preserves, the Noel Kempff Park also covers the Capar plateau, an imposing 85,000-acre Precambrian escarpment emerging quite dramatically from out of the rainforests surrounding it. The plateau is pleasantly greened by lush grasslands and cerrado forests and drained by several perennial rivers on its uneven landscape, which makes for the 10 spell binding and spectacular waterfalls.(The Nature-a,2006) Perhaps due to this strategic and unique biogeographic location, the Noel Kempff Park is reckoned to house the richest store of biological diversity on earth, much of which has largely become lost to the world from other, more accessible, parts of the Amazon, for instance. Noel Kempff park is home to an impressive 630 species of birds (nearly a quarter of all known bird species in the Neotropics), 70 species of reptiles and 130 species of mammals including the freshwater river dolphins, the giant otter and the rare species maned wolf. (The Nature-a, 2006) The Park management in Conservation Milieu Due to the rich biodiversity offered in this large landscape the national park has become hot eco-tourism spots not only for the specialized and naturalist visitors but also for general interest tourist. The arrival of global tourists has stirred the local population into tourism related activities and an uncontrolled spread of these may work ultimately to threaten the bio-diversity of the region. Careful planning and organization of the ecotourism was required so that the park is not able to preserve its biodiversity but also encourage tourism and gather funds which can then be deployed in furthering more preservation initiatives. Bolivian government has entrusted the management of the Noel Kempff Park to a private non-profit organization called Fundacin Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN) .FAN has taken quite a number of initiatives for visitors management. In this initiative it has been recognized by FAN and Bolivian government that the future of national parks and other protected area s depends on their ability

Passing by Nella Larson Gender Analysis Essay

Passing by Nella Larson Gender Analysis Essay Nella Larsen was an American writer of the Harlem Renaissance. One of her novels, Passing, took place New York society during the 1920s. The story surrounds the reunion of two women, Clare Kendry and Irene Redfield and their struggles they face because of passing. Through Passing, Nella Larsen demonstrates the challenges that the gender constructs during the time as women are powerless against race and men. Irene and Brians marriage symbolized the different roles of women and men in their home. Although she told Clare that she had all the things she wanted and that did not need to pass as white, Irene still struggled with her marriage and the control of her sons. In the beginning of Passing, Irene recalled the memory of meeting Clare Kendry in Chicago after receiving letter from her. Unplanned, Irene saw Clare in Chicago and was disturbed by her. After dropping Clare out of her mind, she turned her mind to her lovely family, To home, to the boys, to Brian. Brian, who in the morning would be waiting for her in the great clamorous station. She hoped that he had been comfortable and not too lonely without her and the boys (Larsen P1 4). It seems that she has found a destination where she can find her own peace and comfort solution for all her troubles she has. This quote reveals the message that the women should be expected to find their love and their solutions to their problems. This als o shows the expectations society has for women. Home is where the women should be at. Throughout Passing, Larsen starts to unveil pieces of her complicated mind and thoughts of Irene. For example, when Larsen brought up how women think about their husbands That craving for some place strange and different, which at the beginning of her marriage she had had to make such strenuous efforts to repress, and which yet faintly alarmed her, though it now sprang up at gradually lessening intervals (Larsen P1 4). Even though she made Brian stay in New York for his job, which showed some power over Brian, but overall she is powerless against Brian in many aspects as explained, She was, to him, only the mother of his sons (Larsen P3 1). This unveiled the point of view men have about marriage in this society. Women think that children, kids, babies can fill up the cracks of their own marriage. The power of the women in their own family, where they have to depend on their husband in everything, seems to fade every moment: She closed her unseeing eyes and clenched her fists. She tried not to cry. But her lips tightened and no effort could check the hot tears of rage and shame that sprang into her eyes and flowed down her cheeks; so she laid her face in her arms and wept silently. (Larsen P3 1). Irene couldnt do anything but think and endure the pain that she went through, thinking about Brians affair, that she still has to stay with him whether he had an affair or not. Until this point, Larsen has shown the perspective, the struggles of the women when they depend on men to survive. Clare Kendry reveals the expectations of women in society and symbolizes the power struggle of the women in society. She has taken a risk by passing and living in a white society. She has put herself in a dangerous situation to bring her access to power and to the higher class in the society. She represents the need for power of women in society, striving for equality. Like Irene, Clare is helpless and powerless against her husband, John Bellew in her own home. She is catlike (Larsen P1 1), trying to hide her own identity because of her own sake. Her true root goes with her gender and drags her down to the bottom against John. She had to accept everything John said. During the reunion with her old friends, Gertrude and Irene, John came into the room, with a surprise greeting that startle everyone, Hello, Nig, (Larsen P1 3) despite not being aware of Clares background. The racist term has offended anyone that has a black background. Gertrude and Irene who had caught her lip between he r teeth and sat gazing at husband and wife, (Larsen P1 3) and even Clare, but she did not do a thing. She knew that if she stood up against him for calling her that, her perfect white life would be over. She knows she has no power over her husband. Later in Passing, John Bellew found out the original root of Clare. Clare herself was speechless, stood at the window, as composed as if everyone were not staring at her in curiosity and wonder, as if the whole structure of her life were not lying in fragments before her. She seemed unaware of any danger or uncaring. There was even a faint smile on her full, red lips, and in her shining eyes (Larsen P3, 4). She finally realized that she was free of him and free of being powerless against her husband. Everyone in the room stood up for her. Even though she felt liberated for an instant, she knew the intolerance of Bellew would cause a tragic end to her. She stood there, next to the window, frozen. The next thing, she was gone. She fell thro ugh the window, which had freed her from the pressure of her husband, as the pressure the expectations on the women of the society had put on them. The end of the story portrays the pressure of the women in their own home, society, which in some ways death is the only solution; they had to follow every single word of men, who is portrayed in the story as more a power creature. Clare Kendrys husband, John Bellew represents the power of the man against the women in the familys structure. Passing is the story about the life surrounds two main character, Clare Kendry and Irene Redfield but it portrays them as powerless creatures that struggle in identify themselves in their own society. It also portrays the picture of men as power creatures against women, as if they are the gender slave owners where the women are the gender slaves. John Bellew is the perfect figure that is portrayed in this story, symbolizing the power of the men in society. Clare Kendry, fearing that John might figure out her original root, shrinks herself into a small creature, powerless, helpless against him. This situation symbolizes the ideology in the familys structure of power in the society, where men are always in charge of the house, and women have to follow what they said. When he came into the room during the party, his greeting to Clare was, Hello, Nig (Larsen P1 3). Despite the f act that he didnt know about Clare and her friends background, the greeting still heated up their anger. Even though it was very offensive, Clare and her friends still could not do anything about it. This shows the power of John over all the women, as the only man in the room. His power controls Clare in everything, where she had to be careful what she did that include her racial root. Nella Larsen has portrayed the power that men have and abuse it in their own household or even in the society in general. Even though Passing is a novel that surrounds the racial issues during the 1920s, the story still has a different approach to its theme. Rather than focusing on race, it focuses on the gender challenges in relationship, marriage, or even in society overall between men and women. Through the novel, Nella Larsen has showed the purposes of men and women in society where they support each other not abusing the power they had. She also proves the false beliefs that society has in their family, where men have to be in charge of their household.

Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye :: essays research papers

Holden Caulfield can be analyzed through his thoughts, actions and circumstances which surround his everyday life. Holden acts like a careless teenager. Holden has been to several prep-schools, all of which he got kicked out of for failing classes. After being kicked out of the latest, Pency Prep, he went off to New York on his own. Holden seems to have a motivation problem which apparently affects his reasoning. The basis of his reasoning comes from his thoughts. Holden thinks the world is full of a bunch of phonies. All his toughs about people he meets are negative. The only good thoughts he has are about his sister Phoebe and his dead brother Alley. Holden, perhaps, wishes that everyone, including himself, should be like his brother and sister. That is to be intelligent, real and loving. Holden’s problem is with his heart. It was broken when his brother died. Now Holden goes around the world as his fake self, wearing his mask. Holden is looking for love, peace and understa nding. He is scared to love because he is afraid he might lose it like he did with his brother. That is the reason for Holden's love of the museum, he feels safe because it never changes it always stays the same. Holden is troubled with the pain of death, it effects every aspect of his life causing him to not care about the future, himself or anyone, except Phoebe and Alley.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of alienation is demonstrated by Holden. He alienates himself from the world because he fears change and false people, he wants love and security. Holden alienates himself from all the changes that occur around him. Holden isolated himself when he didn't go down to the seats for the final football game at Pency. He isolates himself because he gets kicked out of all the schools he goes to. All those changes scare Holden off, he becomes afraid to feel secure. Holden also alienates himself because he trusts no one, he thinks everybody is phony. When Holden was in a bar and he lied and said he had to go, just to not talk to his brothers old girl friend; Holden thought she was annoying and left the bar even though he didn't feel like it. Holden is also alienated by his inability to love. Holden seems not to care about his old girlfriend Sally, he told her he loved her but he didn’t mean it.

Pip grows Essay

Pip grows up as a blacksmiths assistant yet he had always truly wanted to be a ‘gentleman’. He is stunned when he receives a copious amount of money from an unknown source. Pip quickly jumps to the assumption that his new found wealth had been provided by Miss Havisham. He goes to thank her and she carries on leading him down the wrong belief that this wealthy benefactor is her. Pip wishes to become a gentleman and traveled to London to complete his learning. He meets many characters that help him on his way through life. Pip becomes a stuck up snob who cares for nothing but himself and though he believes he is becoming a ‘gentleman’ he is only becoming rude, self obsessed and unable to see clearly once again. His actions were idiotic and lead to his own destruction when he becomes in debt and unable to help himself. He then find out to his surprise that the convict he helped so long ago when he was simply a troubled little boy is his benefactor and not Miss Havisham. I feel it is now that Pip comes to the realization that his images of Estella and Miss Havisham were only illusions and did not tell the truth that lay deeper in their dark hearts and personalities. Pip, however, is still obsessed with Estella and will not admit it because of his pride and snobbery. Miss Havisham repents her cruelty and also allowing Pip to believe she was something that she was not. Miss Havisham wishes for forgiveness and begs it from Pip. He however, he does not give it to her and she dies violently in a fire while Pip is with her in her house. Magwitch is then sentenced to death because of his return to England, Pip and two others then plan to help Magwitch by getting him abroad and out of danger but they fail to save him because they are stopped by the river-police and they find Compeyson onboard. Magwitch and Compeyson fight and struggle Compeyson drowns and Magwitch escapes with brutal injuries. He then dies later in prison and on his death bed tell pip that his daughter and Pip are in love. Magwitchs daughter is Estella. This news hits Pip and he is left alone while he sets up his own business with the very little money he had sense to save. Unfortunately he becomes ill but lucky for him Joe rescues him and pays off his debts. It is now Pips turn to repent his snobby actions and returns to Kent with the hope to marry Biddy. He find out that she is already married to Joe. Pip then goes abroad and returns seven years later only to meet Estella in the ruins of Satis House. It is there that they hint that they will be united. This is The story after his first two life changing encounters. Pip develops his character in many ways, especially in ways that were unexpected as when we first met him he seemed to be a boy who at such a young age had understood the identity of things and was kind and caring even through the hardship so early in his life. This does show that the money he received not only changed him but later helped him to see clearly in the way he had when he was just a young innocent boy. He suffered so much in his life but we as an audience must realise he did bring the majority of it on himself. It was brought through his snobbery and rejection of those that would have always been true to him no matter what and the reality that they did stay true to him. In a twisted way his money, snobbery and later suffering helped him in appreciating his life. If it was not for the late suffering he endured however her would not have redeemed himself and this point is crucial. Although it is hard to believe Miss Havisham and Estella could have experienced true feelings we do see that they learn to have genuine feelings of love and sadness. Miss Havisham shows her feelings with many thanks to Pip. The reason I say this is because when Miss Havisham realises the depth of Pips love for her adopted daughter Estella who she taught to hate and destroy men she remembers her love with Compeyson. She then remembers herself and understands her sins and does the only thing she thinks she can do. She takes responsibility for her actions. Miss Havisham asks for Pip’s forgiveness, helps Herbert Pocket and leaves and fortune to Herbert’s father. All of these self less acts show Miss Havisham, for on last time, became in touch with her feelings that she left behind so long ago. Estella not only show that she has feelings but she is understood as someone similar to Pip. Ignore her disdain and the audience will understand that she too was an orphan and a victim. They share so many similarities yet are separated so much by different positions in both life and society. They both use their surrogate parents to extract revenge from society. Pip uses Magwitch and Estella, of course, uses Miss Havisham. Estella is presented as a hated character because of her lack of care and love but she is to no extent evil she is only living and acting how she thinks she should because of what Miss Havisham taught her. Estella was taught many lessons but not to love. She is honest in admitting this and does not try to deny it. She tells Pip that she will toy with all men but not him and this presents a type of loyalty. I am certain that Estella knew of Pips love for her but she did not love him back because if the simple reason that she did not how to. Estella did show that she had some feelings for Pip when she allowed him to kiss her in their childhood. After her failed marriage I think that She came out of it scared of the world and the things she did not understand like love and I think she was scared of herself because she did not know how top react to situations due to the lack of information she was granted by Miss Havisham when she was young and innocent. Estella was a strong and proud character but she needed to be loved by someone that was not using her to succeed where they did not (Miss Havisham) or to just use her (Drummle). Although this novel was written more than 150 years ago its themes of love, snobbery, suffering and redemption are still relevant today and will still be relevant in another 150 years. I think that Charles Dickens was not ahead of his time when he wrote this, I feel he was at a point in his life were he had realised ‘†¦ the identity of things.. ‘ for himself. He knew like anyone who reads this book that these characters are not one person they represent so much more than that, society as a whole. Their suffering can be read into and developed more to explain difficulties we, the audience, go through today during our life. I can guarantee you that each and every character and their story will relate to another person in this world today and a person in the future too. Charles Dickens wrote this novel to help us understand what he did. This book is about life and death and all the pieces in between. A griping novel and a book which has one page to relate to a different part of life or a different life all together.

Using Technology as a Tool to Improve Teaching and Learning Processes The WritePass Journal

Using Technology as a Tool to Improve Teaching and Learning Processes Abstract Using Technology as a Tool to Improve Teaching and Learning Processes ) Truscano, M (2008), Knowledge Maps: ICTs in Education, Infodev, Washington DC, USA Ward, S and Connolly, R, (2008), ‘Let them Eat Shakespeare’, Â  The Curriculum Journal, 19:4.

Professional Organizations Review

Professional Organizations Review Free Online Research Papers Meeting Professionals International is an organization that contains the meetings and events industry largest global community. It was founded in 1972 and is Dallas-based. The International Festivals and Events Association was founded in 1956 as the Festival Manager’s Association. It is headquartered in Boise, Idaho and in 2005 celebrated its 50th Anniversary. Purpose and Mission The purpose of Meeting Professionals International is to build a rich, global meeting industry community. Their mission is to make their members successful by building human connections to knowledge and ideas, relationships, and marketplaces. The vision of the International Festivals and Events Association is to be a globally united industry that touches lives in a positive way through celebration. Their mission is to inspire and enable those in our industry to realize their dreams, build community, and sustain success through celebration. Membership To join Meeting Professionals International, one can either go online and fill out their application or print it off and send it in. Membership dues are $375 annually and include a $50 subscription to The Meeting Professional. Membership also includes unlimited use of the Membership Directory so members can have instant networking at their fingertips, a personal page on the website, early access to industry research and trends, and professional development and education. Joining MPI brings its member to higher levels of professionalism by creating development levels to evolve member’s careers to positions of strategic understanding and influence, influencing executive’s understanding about the value of meetings, and intensifying business opportunities for suppliers. There are different types of memberships including corporate meeting professionals, associate/non-profit meeting professionals, government meeting professionals, supplier meeting professionals, and meeti ng management professionals. There is also a way for students to join if they are currently enrolled in a post-secondary academic program with emphasis in the meeting, hospitality, events, and tourism-related industries leading to qualification as a regular member. They are eligible for membership for one year, but can not be eligible for transitions dues rates after completion of their program. The International Festivals and Events Association offers individual and organization membership categories. A group membership consists of one main member, plus 4 additional members such as staff, board members, volunteers, etc. The fees are based on the budgets of the organization. Individual memberships are $105 and each additional member to the main member is $100. Fees for a full-time student are $56 and a copy of current school year registration receipt is required. As a member, one is given the opportunity for peer-to-peer connection, online resources, education, industry honors, The Business of International Events Magazine, the annual IFEA Who’s Who is Festivals and Events Membership Directory and Buyer’s Guide, and the IFEA Annual Convention and Expo Program. Members are also offered product and service discounts and vendor opportunities. Structure and Size Meeting Professionals International has nearly 23,000 members world-wide and 68 chapters and clubs around the world. It has grown from 159 members in 1972 and now has over 23,000 members in 65 countries. There are 71 Fortune 100 companies represented in the MPI membership. There are 68 chapters and clubs in the U.S., Canada, Europe, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Japan. Meeting Professionals International is the only events industry community to maintain a 50/50 ratio between planners and suppliers. The International Festivals and Events Association has over 1,600 members both individuals and companies. It is overseen by an independent, international Board of Directors. They are globally by affiliate regional organizations, each with their own boards and staff representatives. Publications Meeting Professionals International offers several publications for both members and non-members. The Meeting Professional Magazine is an award winning monthly magazine that delivers professional development and career enhancing material and covers major issues facing the industry. There are also two online newsletters, the Community NetNews and Meeting Europe. Community NetNews offers its members e-mailed, weekly newsletters offering chapter and industry news. Meeting Europe offers news about the meeting industry in European countries. The International Festivals and Events Association also offers publications for its members. The Business of International Events is a quarterly magazine that covers the latest industry issues and trends. They also offer an Affiliate Newsletter that offers weekly press releases, news stories, and triumphs or lessens learned. Summary Meeting Professionals International offers many different conferences for its professionals. The Professional Education Conference offers professional education sessions over a week long period. The World Education Conference offers workshops, professional education sessions, and trade shows. MPI also supports The Global Certification in Meeting Management and the Certified Meeting Professional Program. As of January 2006, they created MPI Member Solutions. Here, members can create a roadmap for their career growth, define core competencies and skills needed to advance and training to master them. The International Festivals and Events Association offers the IFEA Convention and Expo which is ranked as the top educational and networking event in the field. The Expo features over 100 educational sessions hosted by the highest ranked speakers in the industry. The IFEA also offers an online bookstore and reference center for the latest information on event planning for members and non-members. Templates are available on the website for professionals who need examples on contract writing, brochures, and marketing materials. Research Papers on Professional Organizations ReviewThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Representing bodies case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Representing bodies case study - Essay Example including the gender depictions and stereotypes drawn from the movie ‘8 mile.’ It shall provide an analysis of the characters in the movie and the gender-related elements observed in the story and the motivations of the characters. The movie ‘8 mile’ begins with the lead character Jimmy Rabbit, played by Eminem, staring at a bathroom mirror in a local pub. He is seen trying to memorize lyrics for what appears to the audience as a local rap contest. From the very start, attention to his body is made with the camera shifting to his face and then to his chest, his arms, and to his feet. The physicality seen in this scene is very clear, and can somewhat be likened to the film Rocky, where Balboa is also trying to prepare for a big fight. The focus on the physicality of the character already implies the focus on masculinity and the emphasis on the male space. The need to secure a masculine space calls on the lead actor’s own life as a rap singer, his struggles with his mother, his struggle to gain legitimacy in the black-dominated rap world, and his desire to secure an escape against his own history of deprivation and poverty. Just as rap music seemed to inspire Rabbit, Eminem has also found inspiration in his rap music to secure meaning and purpose in his life. Performing in his first rap contest, he ‘chokes’ and is unable to speak. He also failed to connect with the male African-American audience. According to Vincent Stephens (2005, p. 22), in some ways, a reverse discrimination against whites who are rapping is very much apparent. Rabbit is labelled a fake by other black rappers, most likely because he did not have much experience rapping in front of their black-dominated audience, and also because they simply did not give much credence to him because he is white (Stephens, 2005, p. 23). In this scene, Rabbit is e masculated, and throughout the rest of the film, proving his masculinity within the context of the rapping world became his

One page commentary on a poem by Pablo Neruda Essay

One page commentary on a poem by Pablo Neruda - Essay Example ld view and into their daily lives, the author makes the comparison that regardless of what approach or what particular viewpoint the individual has, they will all arrive at â€Å"rivers end† together. This type of analogy helps the reader to understand that no matter the different world view espoused by the person in question, the fact of the matter is that regardless of viewpoint espoused or particular means of knowledge acquisition, we all have to share the same planet and death ultimate takes us all (Neruda 1). Such an understanding is of course not terribly deep in and of itself; however, the fact of the matter that the writer of the poem is attempting to grip the reader with is that the great diversity of thought, understanding, and worldview that exists currently should not be seen as a point of division among the many people groups, tribes, ethnicities or political parties of the world but rather as an identification of a type of oneness that exists under the

From Pencils to Pixels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

From Pencils to Pixels - Essay Example My parents are both hard-working people who had little spare time when I was young. My father in particular was away from home a great deal of the time, and I saw very little of him when I was very young, because I was generally in bed before he came home from work. My earliest and best memories are of the evenings when he would creep into my room and tell me a bedtime story. I remember the smell of cigarettes and chemicals on his clothes, and I know he enjoyed telling me stories because he used to make silly voices for all the characters. This is probably why I learned to love books, and perhaps why I enjoy poetry and drama also. We used to have a boxed set of fairy tales based on the Walt Disney cartoons, and these were my favorites. I thought there was something magical in storybooks and I used to have vivid dreams about the fantastic places in these stories. Writing was connected with pictures for me at first. I used to make pasta paintings, finger paintings, and sponge paintings and my mother encouraged me to make shapes like the letters of the alphabet. In my bedroom there was a poster with the letters of the alphabet in the shape of different animals. To this day I connect the letter d with a donkey and p with a parrot! I could write my name before I went to school, and I remember that I did not like writing with wax crayons. They are difficult to use because they do not have a well defined point, and I hated the way that the colors rubbed off on each other. In my pre-school years, then, reading and writing were connected in my mind with happy times in the family and I had a generally positive attitude towards literacy. I was happy to experiment with any new writing tools, although I do remember being in disgrace for a few days after a little experiment with some indelible markers and the wallpaper in the hallway. When I went to school I was surprised at the number of children in the class who did not seem to know what to do with a book or a pencil and p aper. I was not the best student when it came to writing, and in fact spelling is still not my strongest point, but at least I was willing to learn and I liked writing much better than math or science. Sometimes I used to buy notebooks and letter writing sets with my pocket money and my favorite toy was a post office set with tiny stamps and envelopes. The method of teaching reading in my first school involved a series of graded reading books which my parents were supposed to read with me. I hated these books because nothing exciting ever happened in them. They were usually domestic tales about children and dogs, or famous extracts from history. I remember there was one interminable story about pioneers but I don’t remember what happened in it. In my mind at that time, there was reading and writing for school, which was by definition not pleasurable, and then there was reading and writing for fun, which I did at home or in the local library and this very definitely did give m e pleasure. Looking back now with the benefit of hindsight, I think this was an unhelpful distinction, but at the time this was how I saw it. I came rather late to computers, compared to some other children in my class at school. I preferred music when I was a young teenager, and I used to listen to music until late into the night. In general I think that my awareness of language comes mainly through listening, and this may explain why I prefer television or YouTube when I am looking for facts or explanations. It was not until the last

Demand vs Supply Essay Example for Free

Demand vs Supply Essay The two main driving forces of the economy are supply and demand. Understanding the basic concepts of supply and demand can help an organization focus on the bottom line. According to Gretzen (2007), demand is the relationship between price and quantity. Supply refers to the amount of a good or service available at any particular price. The principle of supply and demand describes a balance that develops between the supply of an item or service and the demand for it (Kleinman, 2009). Economics plays a major role in the health care industry. As a resource, the health care workforce is a determinant of the balance between supply and demand. The health care workforce consists of nurses, physicians, and other ancillary health care workers such as certified nurses’ aides (CNA’s) and patient care associates (PCA’s). The supply of health care workers directly impacts the demand of quality care rendered to patients. SERVICE OR PRODUCT Health care organizations have specific stated missions and visions to map out their fundamental way of operation. In health care, the workforce is instrumental in assisting with the organizational delivery of services to consumers (patients). The primary issue for all health care workforce personnel is that of inadequate staffing. This paper focuses on the staffing effectiveness of supplemental staffing of health care personnel within the inpatient setting. IMPACT Nursing managers formulate staffing patterns on a daily basis. The staffing of inpatient units requires a knowledge of unit census (total bed capacity),  consideration of patient acuity (level of care required for the patient), and skill mix (nursing hours per patient per day and nurse patient ratio) (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002). Often times, inadequate staffing is due to a high rate of call outs of sickness or other emergencies. Inadequate staffing directly impacts patient safety and quality of care. All health care titles render supplemental staffing coverage in one of two ways, overtime and through per-diem agencies. Overtime employment provides regular full time employees with monies set at a rate of time and half for any extra work completed over the prescribed 40 hours a week. Per-diem agencies are outside contractors capable of providing their own qualified titled personnel to fill vacancies with monies defined at a set rate. Patients are admitted to inpatient setting with varied co-morbidities may or may not indirectly increase the necessity of staff. Patients are often admitted for diagnoses of altered mental status, agitation / combativeness, risk for falls, suicidal ideation, and alcohol or drug intoxication. Many patients require a higher level of skilled care, such as turning and repositioning, and assistance with activities of daily living such as toileting and eating. It requires a higher staff to patient ratio to provide safe, effective quality care. PERSPECTIVE AND RATIONALE According to published reports there are key factors affecting the adequacy of the health care workforce. Some key factors include an aging workforce of where 40 percent of practicing physicians are older than 55, and one-third of the nursing workforce is over 50 with a majority of both professionals seeking to retire within the next 10 years (Alliance for Health Reform, 2011). The largest groups of health professionals in the United States are composed of Registered Nurses. Statistically, there is a huge decline in the numbers of nurses within all regions of the U.S. An estimated 118,000 FTE RNs will exit the workforce within the next five years (Staiger, Auerbac, Buerhaus, 2012). This potentially leaves a major void in terms of numbers of bodies needed to fill vacated positions. Low staffing levels are associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes that are directly sensitive to nursing attention, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, pressure ulcers, and falls (American Federation of Teachers, 2012). Unintended additional costs  associated with the development of complications in patients are greater than labor savings when units are understaffed. Acquiring pressure ulcers are estimated to cost the health care industry $8.5 billion per year (Kleinman, 2009) Overtime costs and per-diem agency costs can’t stand alone to solve the issues of staffing shortage. Their combined usage enables institutions to deliver optimal health care services to consumers/ patients. The supply of overtime and per-diem staff meets the increased demands of patients. It also assists in the delivery of quality care through services rendered. In terms of patient safety, the potentiality of the risk of injury to patients via falls, medication errors, and or sentinel events decreases. CONCLUSION The United States is a great consumer demand for health care services. The supply of such services is affected by varied factors. These factors directly influence the financial stability of health care organizations. Recessional times cause delays in career and retirement plans for health care professionals. In recessional times, there are noted changes in the supply and demand of the health care workforce. The shortage of registered nurses and providers in the workforce may inadvertently lead to a reduction in health care access for consumers. Inadequate staffing levels place heavy burdens on the nursing staff. Adverse events such as falls, hospital acquired infections and medication errors are potentially painful and life threatening events. Adverse events can result in considerable costs to be paid by the understaffed institution. For this reason alone, supplemental staffing via agency and overtime personnel provides a measure of increased patient safety. The future is trending towards the assistance in the recovery of the health care workforce shortage. It will rely heavily on the provisions made by the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Alliance for health reform, 2011). Recruitment and reinvestment in health care professions especially nurses and physicians will assure sufficient supply of workforce personnel to meet the increased demands of health care economy and its’ consumers( Kaiser Foundation (2012). The Joint Commission bolsters workforce infrastructure through in-service and continuing education, supporting nursing education, and the adoption of set staffing levels based on  competency and skill mix relative to patient mix and acuity (Stanton, 2012). It also supports the establishment of financial incentives for health care organizations investing in nursing and workforce services. REFERENCES Alliance for Health Reform. (April, 2011). Health care workforce: Future Supply vs. Demand. Retrieved from http://www.allhealth.org/publications/medicare / health_care_workforce. American Federation of Teachers. (2012). Issues: Healthcare Staffing. Retrieved from http://www.aft.org/issues/healthcare/staffing/index.cfm Changes in Health Care Financing Organization. (August, 2009). Issue brief: Impact of the economy on health care. Retrieved from http://www.academyhealth.org /files/hvfo/findings0809.pdf Getzen, T.E. (2007). Health economics and financing. (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. Kleinman, C. (2009). Health care supply demand. Retrieved from http://www.community.advanceweb.com Staiger, D. O., Auerbach, D. I., Buerhaus, P. I. (2012, April). Registered nurse labor supply and the recession- Are we in a bubble? New England Journal of Medicine, (366), 1463-1465. Stanton, M. (2012). Hospital nurse staffing and quality of care. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/nursestaffing/nursestaff.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (July, 2002). Projected supply, demand, and shortages of registered nurses: 2000- 2020. Retrieved from http://hrsa.gov. The Kaiser Foundation. (2012). Nursing workforce: Background brief. Retrieved from http://www.kaiseredu.org/Issues-Modules

Catering Industry | Marketing Essay

Catering Industry | Marketing Essay Catering Industry is a very wide industry, it has been categorised in different food outlets which are based on the nature of the demand, availability of place, availability of raw material and size of the organization. The catering industry has got different natures of outlets and catering can be organized at customers place. The following are some of the catering establishments: 1.1. Restaurant: The major known food outlet is a restaurant. A restaurant can be a part of the hotel or can be stand alone. A restaurant is an establishment that serves the customers with prepared food and beverages to order, to be consumed on the premises. The term restaurant includes a diversity of different venues and a diversity of styles of cuisines. Different Restaurants have got their own quality or nature of work. A restaurant can be a speciality restaurant or multi-cuisine, Fast food or may have got other nature. Typically a hotel, where the food items are provided for the convenience of the residents and for the hotel to maximize their potential revenue, such restaurants are often open to non-residents also (Lundburg D.E.1985). 1.2. Transport Catering: Transport Catering is the second widest class if catering. After restaurants, Transport catering is the catering which caters for most of the customers. Transport catering includes an airline catering, Railway catering, Ship catering etc. Serving the food and beverages to passengers, before, during and after a journey on trains, aircraft and ships and in buses or private vehicles is called as transport catering. Different transport caterings have got different nature. Sometimes transport catering services are to be offered to the general public who lives near to the surrounding of the service provider. The major forms of modern day transport catering are airline-catering, railways catering, ship catering and surface catering in coaches or buses which operate on long distance routes (Lawson F., 1994). 1.2.1. Airline Catering: Airline catering is the most expensive and important catering segment. Airline catering includes to provide food and beverages to the customer who are travelling by aircraft and restaurants situated in the airport area. In new era latest airports have a variety of food and beverage outlets to cater to the increasing number of air passengers. Catering to passengers en route is normally contracted out to a flight catering unit of a reputed hotel or to a catering contractor or to the catering unit operated by the airline itself as an independent entity (Jones P., 1995). 1.2.2. Railway Catering: Another segment of the transport catering is railway catering. It is basically includes; catering to railway passengers at the time of running journey as well as during halts at different railway stations is called railway catering. Long journey, especially travelling by train for long distances is sometimes exhausting; consequently a regular supply of variety of different refreshment (Food and Beverages) choices facilitates to make the journey less monotonous. On-board meal services are also provided on long distance trains (Kocher E M., 1960). 1.2.3. Ship Catering: This is once again another segment of the transport catering. Catering to the cargo crew and ship passengers is called Ship Catering. It includes providing the excellent services to both the internal customers and external customers. All the royal ships have kitchens and different kind of the restaurants on board these restaurants serves both A la Carte and Table Dhà ´te menus. The quality of service and facilities offered depends on the class of the ship and the price the passengers are willing to pay. There are cruises to suit every pocket. They range from room service and cocktail bars to speciality dining restaurants (International Labour Office, 1946). 1.3. Surface Catering: Surface Catering is stated to the catering outlets; which caters to passengers travelling by surface transport such as buses and private vehicles. This kind of the organizations are generally situated near to the bus terminals or may be near to the highways. There are different criteria for the entrepreneurship for these organizations, these establishments are owned by government or could be owned by the private owners. There is positive growth has been noticed in a survey by the United Kingdom government for this kind of the organizations. Of late there has been a growing popularity of Punjabi style eateries called dhabas on the highways (Banerjee S.C., 2000). 2. Types of Catering: Catering Industry is one of the major industries worldwide. The catering industry has segmented in to different- different diminutive sub industries but there are two major types of catering On premises and Off premises catering. These two types of caterings can be stated as large scale and small scale catering. On-premise catering for any function includes banquet, reception, or event that is held on the premise of the organization or provision that is organize or supporting the function. On-premise catering is totally different from off-premise catering, in the off premise catering; function takes place in a secluded location, such as a customers home, in the garden, in any event , or may be in the parking area, and the staff, food, and decor must be transported to the secluded location. In the off premise catering most of the times food is prepared in the central kitchen or may be in the main kitchen and after preparation this food is delivers to the different outlets that is clients location. Part or all of the production of food may be executed or finished at the location of the event (Buttle F., 1996). There are different statements about the categorizations of the catering industry. Catering can also be divided in other segments as public catering and corporate / business catering. Social or public catering includes such events as weddings, bar and get together, high school meeting, birthday parties, and charity events or may be sports related events. Business catering includes such events as association conventions and meetings, civic or community meetings, corporate sales or stockholder meetings, recognition banquets, new product commencing, training camps may be educational or work, provider and consumer meeting, service awards banquets, and entertaining in hospitality collection (Buttle F., 1996). 2.1. On-Premise Catering: As On premise catering is the most important catering because, basically in the On premise catering all the arrangement of the services and function done by the organizations itself. For example, a caterer within a food and beverage organization will prepare and cater all of the needs of the customer without taking any food or services out of the competence of the organization. In United Kingdom there are many catering organizations have particular rooms on-premise to give the services to the private-party function. A big catering organization could have a layout specially designed and separated in more than one dining room and attached to a centralized industrial food production kitchen. These different dining rooms may be available at the same time to maintain the operations in the outlet and for stipulation and brim over seating. In addition, these dinning rooms can be used and rented for the private party such as wedding, get together or birthday party celebration and may require their own specialized service and menu options. Other examples of on-premise catering include hospital catering, school, college catering (Shock P. J. et al. 2001). 2.2. Off Premises Catering: Off Premise catering is the segment of the catering; in which service is provided to the customer outside of the organization which may be away from the base catering unit. There is one instance of a food production facility which is a self-supporting commissary kitchen unit used exclusively for the preparation of meal which is to be delivered at other places. Other examples of production facilities include, but are not limited to, hotel, restaurant, and club kitchens. In most cases there is no existing kitchen facility at the location where the food is served. Caterers provide single-event foodservice, but not all caterers are created equal. Off Premise Catering is basically separated as three different categories: Party Food Caterers: Party Food caterers basically supply the food and drink items for a particular event. Party food caterers believe in the last minute preparation, they leave semi cooked food and leave any last-minute preparation, plus service and cleanup, to others. Hot Buffet Caterers: It is basically called as distance cooking in which hot buffet caterers provide hot foods to the pre arranged function, that are delivered from their commissaries in insulated containers. Hot Buffet Caterers sometimes send their contracted staff for serving the food and take the extra charges from the contractor. Full-Service Caterers: Full service caterers believe in both of the menus, A la Carte and Table Dhà ´te menu. They also arrange contracted staff for serving food at the event, and all the necessary catering concern utensils and equipments which are chinaware, different glasses for different uses, crockery, cutleries, tables and seating, tents, and so on. They can arrange for other services, like interior and music, as well. In brief, a full-service caterer can plan and execute an entire event, not just the food for it. (Shock P. J. et al. 2001). There are some other sub-divisions of catering industry which are as follows: 2.3. Outdoor Catering: Outdoor catering is the division of the catering industry. Basically outdoor catering comprises the stipulation of food and beverages away from home and indoor catering establishments. Venue for the outdoor catering may be different as per the customers choice. In new era most of the 5 star hotels, restaurants and different catering organizations trying to fulfil this growing demand. There are choices in the menu and set up for the event could be different depend on the customers willing to spend money. Outdoor catering includes catering for functions such as weddings; get together parties, birthday parties and conventions. 2.4. Retail Store Catering: In the United Kingdom market some big retail stores, are facilitating the additional facilities apart of their primary business. These stores keep the facility of dinning. Basically retail store catering develops when large departmental stores wants to facilitate their customers by provide food and beverages in the stores. These stores treat their customers as a part of their retailing perception. It is not convenient for the customers to take a break from shopping, to have some food and drinks at a different location and it can consume customers valuable time as well. Thus provoke the need for some sort of a dining facility in the retail store itself. This style of catering is becoming more popular and varied nowadays (Nystrom P H., 2009). 2.5. Club Catering: Club Catering is basically to facilitates the club members in terms of Food and Beverage. This type of catering includes a limited numbers of the consumers basically who are a part of the club. Here are some instances of clubs for people with similar interests are turf clubs, golf clubs, cricket clubs etc. In these kinds of clubs; quality of the food and beverages tend to be high and the services provides is good standard. With in the high quality of environment prices of the menu keep really low as compared to the big catering organizations. Night clubs are generally located in big cities that have a high class population. They offer entertainment with good food and expensive drinks (Loader G., 1974). 2.6. Welfare Catering: The Welfare Catering is basically the service of the food and beverages to the peoples as the communal responsibility determined by the acknowledge authority. This grew out of the welfare state concept, prevalent in western countries. The Welfare Catering includes providing food and beverages in the hospitals, Government schools, colleges, the armed forces and prisons (Loader G., 1974). 2.7. Industrial Catering: The Industrial Catering is the provision of service of food and beverages to the people who are working in industries and factories at highly subsidised rates. The criteria of service of industrial catering is quiet different depends on the nature of the organization. It is based on the assumption that better fed employees at concessional rates are happy and more productive. In the organizations where number of employees is really high may be undertaken by the management itself, or a contract can be established with the professional caterers. Depending on the choice of the menu suggested by the management, catering contractors undertake to feed the workforce for a fixed period of time at a predetermined price (Coates D.S., 1971). 2.8. Leisure-Linked Catering: This type of catering refers to the provision of food and beverages to people engaged in rest and recreation activities. Basically this type of catering includes the selling of food and beverages, refreshments through different cut outs and stands at theme parks, big exhibitions, photo galleries or entertainment places such as live theatres and cinema halls and so on. As the leisure and tourism spreading widely, the increase in the availability of leisure time and big payouts by employers for leisure activities has made it a very profitable form of catering (Heyward P., 2002). 3. Menu: For the Catering Industry a menu is the list of dishes which are ready for service or available food or beverage items for the customers to select from. The food items which are available for the customers to choose from are divided in to different categories. This depends on the time of meal taken or the particular event. The assemblage of a menu is the most important part of a caterers work. Menu Planning considered as an art which can be obtained by the time spending, experience and study. The menu is a link between the customer and the catering organization. A menu for an organization should be carefully considered and then planned by the establishments professionals, namely the food and beverage manager, the executive chef, and the food and beverage controller (Cousins J., 2002). The word menu came in consideration dates back to 1718, but the provision of planning and developing such a food and beverages list is much older. In the early times, the escriteau (bill of fare) or menu of traditional meals was displayed on one of the wall with the instruction for the kitchen staff to follow the order in which dishes to be served. In the old era it is said that, menus were maintained as a big glossary with different sections covering a diversity of dishes. As time passed the lengthy single copy menu became smaller but increased in number allowing a number of copies placed in table increased. Depending on the establishment and the occasion, the menu may be plain or artistic in its presentation (Davis B et al., 1998). 3.1 Types of Menu: In a restaurant, there are two different types of menus which are differentiated by the manner in which they are served and priced. A menu may be a la carte or table dhà ´te. 3.1.1. A La Carte Menu: An A La Carte Menu, is a multiple choice menu, with each dish priced separately. If a guest wishes to place an order, an a la carte is offered, from which one can choose the items one wants to eat. Traditionally, the original menus that offered consumers choices were prepared on a small chalkboard, a la carte in French; so foods chosen from a bill of fare are described as à   la carte, according to the board. In an a la carte menu all items are cooked to order including the sauces that are made with wine, cream or mustard. Depending on the dish chosen by the guest, the cooking time will vary. It is necessary to inform the guests about the time the preparation might take. An extensive a la carte menu is impressive but involves a huge amount of mise-en-place. 3.1.2. Table Dhà ´te Table dhà ´te is a French phrase which literally means hosts table. It is used to indicate a fixed menu where multi-course meals with limited choices are charged at a fixed price. Such a menu may also be called prix fixe (fixed price). It usually includes three or five courses meal available at a fixed price. It is also referred to as a fixed menu. Because the menu is set, the cutlery on the table may also already be set for all of the courses, with the first course cutlery on the outside, working in towards the plate as the courses progress. In olden days, when the inns or dining establishments offering a limited choice in the menu was not preferred by the guests, they started offering an a la carte menu for guests to select the type of food they wanted to eat. Fixed menus or table dhote menus are still used in various forms such as buffet menus, conference packages and on special occasions. A table dhote menu comprises a complete meal at a predetermined price. It is sometimes prin ted on a menu card or as in the case of banquets, it is agreed upon by the host of the party. A banquet style of fixed menu has more elaborate choices ranging from the soup to the dessert. For the banquets, the hosts invariably fix or select the menu in consultation with the hotel staff in advance. Most of the banquet food served in India is normally of Indian food. For this, a printed format offering a choice of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes is prepared, from which the guests make their choice. Western style fixed menus normally provide the choice of a starter or soup, a main course, and finally a dessert. In each course there could be a choice of dishes to suit the tastes of individual guests. Table dhote menus should be well planned and balanced. As the guest is not given a chance to plan his own meal, the meal should be interesting, without any similarity in the colour and taste of the courses as well as being palatable, delicious and well presented. If the main course is heavy, then the first course should be lighter, and act as an appetite stimulant for the courses to follow. Dishes that are heavy and hard to digest should be avoided. The colour, varieties of ingredients used, and the garnishes should, if possible, be different for each course. Fixed menus are prevalent in transport catering which include air, rail, and sea passengers. The guests have a variety of fixed or table dhote menus, with virtually no choice offered to the passengers (except the first class air passengers). Cruise liners may have elaborate fixed menus with multiple choices built into each course. 4. Menu Formats: Menus are also presented in different formats. Menus are not always printed on heavy paper and handed to the customer. Another popular format is the tabletop menu. This type of menu is oftentimes referred to as a table-top display or a table tent. It is used primarily to promote your money makers. The problem seems to be that guests dont usually read them. Or, if they do, they usually read them after they have given their orders to the server (John A. Drysdale, 1997) There is also the menu board or chalkboard. Think of this as a tabletop menu on steroids. A menu board is necessary if you operate a quick service facility and may also be required if you have a separate take-out area in your full-service restaurant. The chalkboard is popular in restaurants that wish to convey a European image. Like the typical table tent, though, guests usually dont read them completely until after they put in their orders. Some restaurants offer verbal menus. Many properties have their servers recite the food specials of the day at tableside. We prefer a printed menu insert instead of the time-consuming speech. Guests are usually chatting away and arent always eager to sit still long enough to hear the full spiel. Restaurants that offer interactive menus allow guests to mix and match their orders. For instance, in some Italian restaurants guests can select the type of pasta they want, the type of sauce, and so on (Lewis, 2002). You also might see this with some bingo catering menus. These menus have several lists of food and beverage items. Eventually he or she ends up with a personalized menu for the event. Some restaurants use wireless technology (WIFI) to display their wine lists. Sometimes a computer terminal is installed at each table. Or the floor manager brings a laptop to the table. Guests can interact, for example, by entering their desired entrees into the system and waiting for the computer to make wine suggestions. Another format is the chefs menu. This is the one you spring on people who dont want to see a menu (Lewis, 2002). They say, Let the chef order for me. There are three ways to go: You can ask the customer to give you some advance notice about what he or she wants, and then have those things ready upon arrival; you let the guest decide, or you can select items from your current menu(s). A third alternative is for you to put something unique together, something that doesnt appear on the regular menu(s). A potential downside of options 1 and 3 is you have to price them quickly; you need to know your numbers, as the bookkeeper may not be around. And you would need to know if you have enough food items and the right wines to pair with them, or if you have to make a special run to the vendor in order to get what you need Jack (Lewis, 2002). 5. Menu Planning: Menu is the statement of food and beverage items available or provided by food establishments primarily based on consumer demand and designed to achieve organizational objectives. It represents the focal point around which components of food service systems are based. The menu is designed carefully what the outlet wants to cater for, keeping in mind the type of clientele. The main advantage of a well-planned menu is that it leads to consumer satisfaction. It also helps to motivate the employees for a responsible and successful service. A successful menu depends upon composition-the right combination of foods, prepared perfectly, to the entire satisfaction of the customer. So claimed Antonin Careme (1784-1833), the French chef who is considered the founder of classical cuisine. Menu is a document that controls and directs an outlets operations and is considered the prime selling instrument of the restaurant (Johns P., 1988). Menu planning is the back bone of the catering industry. Menu planning gives the basic idea of the activities which are to be done for operation in any catering premises. This operation in the establishment means front office operation and back office operation. Menu planning in an organization depends on so many different factors which results different activities in the organization. Menu planning starts with the nature of the organization means it may be a restaurant or out door catering. So the nature of the work decides the clientele in the organization, their choices availability of the food raw material (Lockwood A., 1994). 5.1. Points to be considered while planning the menu: When planning the food and beverage for any event, its important for event planners to consider several not-so-obvious catering menu planning items to help ensure a successful program. Consider the following when planning your menu: 5.1.1. Knowledge of the Guest Profile: A menu planning Manager / Executive must have good knowledge about the Guest profile of the organization. What is the profile of the guests being invited to the event? For example, most business people attend many events throughout the year, and the phrase rubber chicken circuit is common among political, business and fundraising circles (and others). To prevent your event from having this description, consider the following: The professional level of your guest. The frequency your guest attends similar events. The location where guests reside. The ethnic background of your guests. 5.1.2. Knowledge of the Guests preference: For good menu planning and good customer service it is really important to understand the profile of the guest, this allows the event planner to begin considering what menu options to offer. These are some of the points which can help an event manager to serve the best food and service to the guest. Points are as follows: Old age people dont like more spicy food so it is really good to serve them mild spicy food. Attendees concerned about health may prefer more seafood and vegetables options. Younger or middle-aged guests may prefer spicier, more adventurous meals. The idea here is to consider what your guests will enjoy the most based on the type of event you are planning. 5.1.3. Provide Menu Choices: Anyone planning an event should offer several choices so that all guests will be pleased with whats available. Some general guidelines: Offer at least two choices of entrees (three is better). Offer three or more salad dressing options. Serve all condiments on the side. Offer two dessert options: one very indulgent, one healthy. 5.1.4. Incorporate Seasonal and Fresh Items: When selecting the menu, the time of year should play a large factor in determining food and beverage. Take into consideration which items are in season for spring or winter menus. Another important factor is to consider the region or location of the event and popular food items from the area. Incorporate fresh seafood or regionally grown produce. 5.1.5. Select a Menu that Fits the Event Schedule Sometimes the clock will be the greatest guide to determining Table dhote menu for an event. Some examples: Box lunches are best if you have 30 minutes or on the go. Plated meals usually requires at least 1.5 hours. Buffets may be finished in about 1 hour. Cocktail receptions require a minimum of 1 hour before dinner. Working breakfasts or lunches should incorporate menu items that can hold up for longer periods of time than others. 5.1.6. Anticipate Special Needs Before any event, it is critical for an event planner to find out if any of the guests have a special need so that the catering manager can address those needs prior to the event. Considerations include: Food allergies Religious requirements Dietary restrictions 5.1.7. Allow for a Comfortable Room Setup Choose the appropriate room layout that supports your event objectives. If youre serving a meal, the tables will be filled with used dishes and glassware, in addition to binders, notepads and pens. Thats why its important to choose the best room setup, and allow space for people to move. Examples: Boardroom setup should be for a maximum of 15 guests. U-shape and rectangle table layout to promote discussion. Class room style is great for a presentation. Banquet style promotes small group discussions. Regardless of the setup, allow for people to spread out. Tip: Setup for 8 in a 10 person banquet table. 5.1.8. Create Ethnic or Regional Menus Im a huge fan of planning events that have ethnic-specific themes. This allows an event planner and the executive chef to work together to bring region-specific and international foods into your event, and this will definitely please guests. Common ethnic catering includes the following: Asian/Chinese/Japanese French German Greek Italian Mexican Middle Eastern 5.1.9. Consider the Final Presentation of Food and Beverage We eat with our eyes and our nose before tasting it. Whether its served plated or buffet, a catered meal should visually colorful and fragrant. Therefore, the presentation of food should make your guests want to eat it. This means linens and decorations that complement the theme of the meal. If it doesnt look good and smell good, your guests will not be happy. Importance of menu planning: Good planning can make a huge difference! The menu influences almost every aspect of the food service operation, from what foods are purchased and how they are prepared, to whether or not meals are popular with the children (Lillicrap D. Et al. 2006). When planning the food and beverage for any event, its important for event planners to consider several not-so-obvious catering menu planning items to help ensure a successful program. Menu planning is basically includes the preferences of guests and the preferences of the owner as well like what the owner can spend and what kind of margin he is looking for. According to Dennis L. 1999, we can include some of the points during the Menu Planning consideration: Know the Guest profile Know the guests preferences Provide Menu choice Incorporate seasonal and fresh items Select a menu that fits the event schedule Anticipates special needs Allow for a comfortable room setup Create Ethnic or Regional menu Consider the final presentation of food and beverage Principles of menu planning: Basic Principles Cold and warm dishes are listed separately. Appetizers, soups, seafood and main courses are listed in separate groups. In every group the lighter dishes are listed before the richer ones. Salads should be highlighted. If offered, low-calorie foods should be specially indicated, and the number of calories should be stated. If foods are prepared with organically grown ingredients, this fact should be highlighted to the discriminating customer. Every dish should be described clearly and simply, in an appetizing way, without being too flowery. House specialties and seasonal items should correspond to the season and should change accordingly. Use a clip-on menu or special insert to attract attention to them. The dessert selection should be listed on a separate attractive card. The menu should inform the guests that such a card is available. The numbering of menu items can save time and confusion, especially with many of the new computerized cash registers. Numbering, however, discourages communication between guests and the service staff and thus does not help promote sales. For an easy compromise, place one numbered menu at the register or where orders are relayed to the kitchen so that one can punch in the guests order by number; the guest, however, orders the actual foods with words, not numbers. According to Larry, 1999 the five basic menu planning principles are: 1. Strive for balance. 2. Emphasize variety. 3. Add contrast. 4. Think about color. 5. Consider eye appeal. In many cases, especially in restaurants, serving haute cuisine, the part or table dhote menu is beautifully handwritten to emphasize the traditional character of the restaurant. In less fancy restaurants, a modern variant that is similar but simpler is often used: the blackboard, on which are written recommendations concerning the days specialties. In general, however, the table dhote or a part menu, which changes daily or cyclically, is prepared in-house (on a typewriter or computer) and duplicated as necessa Aldis International Strategic Management | Analysis Aldis International Strategic Management | Analysis Introduction Consumption plays a vital role in economic activities. In most developed countries, personal or household consumption takes up about 60% in GDPà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ OECD,2008à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °, of which retailing industry is often proven to be the most important industry. Recently, due to the economic growth, employment improvement, and favorable tax policies, retailing industry has the chance to develop in a more comfortable environment. According to statistics from Planet Retail, a Consultancy Organization for Retail Industry, in recent years, world retail industry has made a considerably fast development with a sales increase of 8.4% and 6.7% in 2005 and 2006 respectively(Network,2006à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. Although the environment is good for retail industry, the intensity of competitiveness is also stronger ever than before. Many super large retailing corporations, such as Wal-Mart, Carrefour are competing for expanding and dominating both domestic and overseas market by implementing every strateg y. Aldi, as a hard-discount retailer is very small and simple compared to those Wal-Mart or Carrefour regarding its sell items, store occupancy etc. However, Aldi has survived in this competitive retailing market and become one of the reputable retailers which could contend with other large retailing corporations. Therefore, based on Aldi in Australia, this article will analyze the Aldis business strategy and its management which contribute to its great success. Also the article will give an analysis of Aldis capability of competitiveness in terms of its internal and external environment. Brief introduction of Aldi Aldi is an international hard-discount supermarket chain which was established in 1946 by the brothers Theo and Karl Albrecht in Germany, has grown rapidly in the years characterized by low price (Mcloughlin and Aaker, 2010). By the end of 2003, Aldi has developed into one of the biggest retailers in the world with more than 7000 stores around the world and created an estimated annual turnover of 36.2 billion Euros. The first Aldi store opened in Australia in Sydney in January 2001. After making huge profits out of the first store, 72 additional stores were opened in other different areas in 2004. It was predicted that Aldi would run more than 300 stores in Australia by 2010. Business strategy applied in Aldi Strategic management is the ongoing process which enterprises apply to establish their visions and analyze their external environment and internal environment, thus to choose one or more strategies to adopt to create value for customers and benefit other stakeholders (Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt, 2008). Any corporation should set its overall corporative strategy to define what the organization is doing and where the organization wants to be in the future. Business strategy is one essential part of the companys overall corporate strategy. To be successful in the competitive market, managers must develop and execute an effective business strategy to promote its products in the market and account for a big market share. The business strategy concept implemented by Aldi can be regarded as very simple but effective. Aldis core business concept is to reduce cost in every way. Although both Aldi and Wal-Mart are the successful retailers by adopting cost reduction strategy, Aldi is very diff erent from Wal-Mart with regard to its method of implementation. Aldi is featured with high efficiency of operation and management based on the cost-reduction principle. All Aldis stores in the world are characterized by simple design and decoration thus to minimize the cost. Aldis cost-saving method is reflected through the followings: Compared to Wal-Mart, generally each Aldi store occupies only 750 square meters which can greatly cut down the rent and expenses of water and electricity consumption. Limited number of good-quality products for selling in the stores to save the expenses of shelves. A typical Aldi store only sells about 700 products which is less but able to satisfy the dairy necessities (Pradhan, 2010). The grocery structure saves the logistic cost greatly and enables Aldi the absolute advantages of negotiating to suppliers with respect to the quality control and price. Employee strategy: Aldi usually employs four or five employee for one store compared 15 employees at a standard supermarket. Although Aldi pays more to its employees but it have eventually reduced the employee cost. Simple promotion method: compared to Wal-Mart or Carrefour, Aldi never does advertising or public relations. Aldi holds the view of saving the cost for benefiting the customers because all the expenses related to the PR or marketing are all paid by customers. Another business strategy attached to Aldi is its good-quality assurance. Hard-discount is the most important feature of Aldi stores, but the low price is not based on the sacrifice of products quality. By contraries, Aldi always persist in providing customers with goods with the same quality of other supermarket but a relatively low price. In addition, Aldi has its own brands ranging from cookies to diaper and the quality is controlled very strictly. One of Aldis business strategies is emphasize the cooperation with suppliers and control the quality strictly. When Aldi purchases commodities from suppliers, Aldi puts forward its quality requirements and employ a third inspection organization besides the inspectors of Aldis company to conduct a strict inspection on the commodities. Whenever unqualified commodity is found, Aldi will not consider to cooperate with this supplier. Aldis business strategy is also based on the customers-orientation concept. Aldi focuses the needs of customers and pay much attention to develop customers loyalty. Aldi considers from the perspective of customers and provides customers with practical benefits. Aldi never applies the promotion ways of tying or wholesale which appear to give consumers the favorable benefits but actually ignore the needs of certain consumer groups. In addition, Aldi ensure the price of every commodity is the same despite the stores are located in different or remote places, therefore consumers should never worry the price difference case will happen. Another success secret of Aldi is that Aldi takes a slow step to expand the market. Aldi will open a trial store and analyze the profits before it launch other stores in that area. Meanwhile, Aldi uses decentralization management strategy. For example, Aldi North may sell more products than the Aldi South. The two companies maintain communication quite well, so that they are able to learn from each others managing experiences. Aldis success also can not separate from its strategy of Human Resources. Aldi attaches importance to the exploitation and development of HR. All managers and employees are well-trained about the knowledge of Aldis concepts before getting started in Aldi. Analysis of Aldis competitive environment in Australia Although Aldi expands very fast in Australia during the last years, it also faces challenges and competition from the local retailers in Australia, such as Woolworths and Coles Myer which are considered as the major rivalries in food retail industry. To analyze how Aldi can survive from this intense competition, it is very necessary to discuss both internal and external environment lying in Aldi Corporation. As the food retail industry develops very fast, some other large global retail players will probably enter in Australian market, such as Wal-Mart (US largest retailer) or Tesco (UKs largest retailer) and Lidl (another Germany retailer). Therefore the competition will become more and more intense ever than before as many retailers also prefer to adopt price strategy. Internal analysis of AldiStrengths and weakness For an organizations development in the competitive environment, it is essential for the organization to conduct internal analysis of its organization. A comprehensive internal analysis will provide management with a detailed understanding of the business, how effective its current strategies are and how effectively it has deployed its resources in support of its strategies (Campbell, Stonehouse and Houston, 2002). By executing internal analysis, a company will know their unique resources, capabilities, and competencies. In a word, by studying internal analysis, a company will identify what the can do. In Aldi case, it is oblivious that Aldis biggest strength in combating with other local retailers in Australia is its good-quality and low-price strategy. As mentioned in the previous part, Aldi stores offer customers with good quality commodities at a relatively lower price than in other retail stores. Aldi maintains to manufacture 90% of its commodities tagged with its own brand which are exclusively sold in its stores, which attracts customers. Meanwhile, the quality is ensured in this way. Aldi is a famous brand in Germany ranked as the third best corporate brand, which will accelerate its recognition by customers(RiesenbeckPerrey,2009). Aldi always persists in its management and business principles which seldom have been changed. It can be regarded both good and bad for the development of the organization. As we know the outside environment is changing everyday and peoples thinking is changing, so the Aldi should probably think about change some of the principles to acclimatize itself to the changeable environment in order to get better development. External analysis of Aldi-Threats and Opportunities External analysis is one of the strategic management processes in terms of analyzing the organizations external operating environment. The purpose of external analysis is to examine the strategic opportunities and threats in the organizations operating environment which will affect how it pursue its mission (Hill and Jones, 2009). External environment analysis requires analyzing the overall environment of the industry which the business operates in (is it good or bad for developing in the industry? What is the current macro environment of the industry?). By studying the external environment, firms can identify what are the opportunities and threats for its operation in the market and will know what they might choose to do. The macro environment of retailing industry is very prosperous because the daily consuming commodities are essential in peoples life. In Australia, the situation is the same; peoples consumption of the general stuff for food and household products is increasing as well. Therefore there is great increasing market in terms of retailing sectors, which contributes to a great development chance for all retailers including Aldi. Some prediction shows Aldi will continue to expand more market in Australia with more than 300 stores and capture 10 percent of the Australian packaged grocery dollar market by 2010. Meanwhile, as the development of globalization, Aldi could also have chance to enter into other overseas market such as China or other Asian countries. There is a great potential in these markets. As Aldi is very confident for its expansion plan in Australia, Aldi still faces the coming threats from its local existing rivalries and oncoming large retail competitors. The threat first co mes from the price competition from other local retailers. As the competition between retailers is becoming more and more intense, the local retailers also play price strategy as low-price offers for certain products. Other threat for Aldi comes from the potential entrants of other worlds largest retailers, like mentioned in the above, Wal-Mart, Tesco and Lidl. Once these largest retail players move into Australia, Aldi will have to face combat not only with the domestic retailers but also have to survive from the competition with these largest players. Conclusions In conclusion, Aldi is very successful in the retailing industry and famous for its unique operation styles in terms of its concept of running small-quantity products and cost-saving strategy and hard-discount strategy to attract buyers. Aldi is very wise in its expansion strategy, it never risk to expand to open another store unless it sees the previous store is making profits in that area. The concept of Aldi seems very simple which is centered at the customers and seeking for customers benefits. In this way, Aldi wins a lot of loyal consumers. However, despite these advantages Aldi has, the competition is cruel and Aldi may need to take further actions to combat with its rivalries. Recommendations After making analysis of Aldi case in terms of its business strategies and external and internal environment, two recommendations are made as to Aldis development in Australia: Although Aldi is competitive in some ways, it never changes its business strategy despite the external environment changes. Therefore, in my opinion, Aldi should make some changes regarding its business strategy and management to cope with the changeable market environment. As Aldi made profits from the 72 stores in Australia, Aldi should consider expanding market potential in other Australian states and territories before new rivalries move into Australia.